Criticism Ecocriticism

Ecocritics investigate such things as the underlying ecological values, what, precisely, is meant by the word nature, and whether the examination of â€Å"place† should be a distinctive category, much like class, gender or race. Ecocritics examine human perception of wilderness, and how it has changed throughout history and whether or not current environmental issues are accurately represented or even mentioned in popular culture and modern literature.Other disciplines, such as history, philosophy, ethics, and psychology, are also considered by ecocritics to be possible contributors to ecocriticism. William Rueckert may have been the first person to use the term ecocriticism (Barry 240). In 1978, Rueckert published an essay titled Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism. His intent was to focus on â€Å"the application of ecology and ecological concepts to the study of literature. †(Reprinted in The Ecocritism Reader on p. 107) Ecologically minded individu als and scholars have been publishing progressive works of ecotheory and criticism since the explosion of environmentalism in the late 1960s and 1970s. However, because there was no organized movement to study the ecological/environmental side of literature, these important works were scattered and categorized under a litany of different subject headings: pastoralism, human ecology, regionalism, American Studies etc.British Marxist critic Raymond Williams, for example, wrote a seminal critique of pastoral literature in 1973, The Country and the City, which spawned two decades of leftist suspicion of the ideological evasions of the genre and its habit of making the work of rural labour disappear even though Williams himself observed that the losses lamented in pastoral might be genuine ones, and went on to profess a decidedly green socialism.Another early ecocritical text, Joseph Meeker's The Comedy of Survival (1974), proposed a version of an argument that was later to dominate ecoc riticism and environmental philosophy; that environmental crisis is caused primarily by a cultural tradition in the West of separation of culture from nature, and elevation of the former to moral predominance.Such anthropocentrism is identified in the tragic conception of a hero whose moral struggles are more important than mere biological survival, whereas the science of animal ethology, Meeker asserts, shows that a â€Å"comic mode† of muddling through and â€Å"making love not war† has superior ecological value.In the later, â€Å"second wave† ecocriticism, Meeker's adoption of an ecophilosophical position with apparent scientific sanction as a measure of literary value tended to prevail over Williams's ideological and historical critique of the shifts in a literary genre's representation of nature. As Glotfelty noted in The Ecocriticism Reader,[page needed] â€Å"One indication of the disunity of the early efforts is that these critics rarely cited one anot her’s work; they didn’t know that it existed†¦Each was a single voice howling in the wilderness.† Nevertheless, ecocriticism—unlike feminist and Marxist criticisms—failed to crystallize into a coherent movement in the late 1970s, and indeed only did so in the USA in the 1990s. [citation needed] In the mid-1980s, scholars began to work collectively to establish ecocritism as a genre, primarily through the work of the Western Literature Association in which the revaluation of nature writing as a non-fictional literary genre could function.In 1990, at the University of Nevada, Reno, Glotfelty became the first person to hold an academic position as a professor of Literature and the Environment, and UNR has retained the position it established at that time as the intellectual home of ecocriticism even as ASLE has burgeoned into an organization with thousands of members in the US alone. From the late 1990s, new branches of ASLE and affiliated organiz ations were started in the UK, Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand (ASLEC-ANZ), India (OSLE-India}, Taiwan, Canada and Europe.Definition[edit] In comparison with other ‘political' forms of criticism, there has been relatively little dispute about the moral and philosophical aims of ecocriticism, although its scope has broadened rapidly from nature writing, Romantic poetry, and canonical literature to take in film, television, theatre, animal stories, architectures, scientific narratives and an extraordinary range of literary texts.At the same time, ecocriticism has borrowed methodologies and theoretically informed approaches liberally from other fields of literary, social and scientific study. Glotfelty's working definition in The Ecocriticism Reader is that â€Å"ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment† (xviii), and one of the implicit goals of the approach is to recoup professional dignity for what Glotfelty ca lls the â€Å"undervalued genre of nature writing† (xxxi).Lawrence Buell defines â€Å"‘ecocriticism’ †¦ as [a] study of the relationship between literature and the environment conducted in a spirit of commitment to environmentalist praxis† (430, n. 20). Simon Estok noted in 2001 that â€Å"ecocriticism has distinguished itself, debates notwithstanding, firstly by the ethical stand it takes, its commitment to the natural world as an important thing rather than simply as an object of thematic study, and, secondly, by its commitment to making connections† (â€Å"A Report Card on Ecocriticism† 220).More recently, in an article that extends ecocriticism to Shakespearean studies, Estok argues that ecocriticism is more than â€Å"simply the study of Nature or natural things in literature; rather, it is any theory that is committed to effecting change by analyzing the function–thematic, artistic, social, historical, ideological, theoret ical, or otherwise–of the natural environment, or aspects of it, represented in documents (literary or other) that contribute to material practices in material worlds† (â€Å"Shakespeare and Ecocriticism† 16-17).This echoes the functional approach of the cultural ecology branch of ecocriticism, which analyzes the analogies between ecosystems and imaginative texts and posits that such texts potentially have an ecological (regenerative, revitalizing) function in the cultural system (Zapf, â€Å"Literary Ecology†). As Michael P. Cohen has observed, â€Å"if you want to be an ecocritic, be prepared to explain what you do and be criticized, if not satirized. † Certainly, Cohen adds his voice to such critique, noting that one of the problems of ecocriticism has been what he calls its â€Å"praise-song school† of criticism.All ecocritics share an environmentalist motivation of some sort, but whereas the majority are ‘nature endorsing' (as Kate Soper puts it in â€Å"What is Nature? † (1998)), some are ‘nature sceptical'. In part this entails a shared sense of the ways in which ‘nature' has been used to legitimise gender, sexual and racial norms (so homosexuality has been seen as ‘unnatural', for example), but it also involves scepticism about the uses to which ‘ecological' language is put in ecocriticism; it can also involve a critique of the ways cultural norms of nature and the environment contribute to environmental degradation.Greg Garrard has dubbed ‘pastoral ecology' the notion that nature undisturbed is balanced and harmonious (â€Å"Ecocriticism† 56-58), while Dana Phillips has criticised the literary quality and scientific accuracy of nature writing in â€Å"The Truth of Ecology†. Similarly, there has been a call to recognize the place of the Environmental Justice movement in redefining ecocritical discourse (see Buell, â€Å"Toxic Discourse†).In response to the question of what ecocriticism is or should be, Camilo Gomides has offered an operational definition that is both broad and discriminating: â€Å"The field of enquiry that analyzes and promotes works of art which raise moral questions about human interactions with nature, while also motivating audiences to live within a limit that will be binding over generations† (16).He tests it for a film (mal)adaptation about Amazonian deforestation. Implementing the Gomides definition, Joseph Henry Vogel makes the case that ecocriticism constitutes an â€Å"economic school of thought† as it engages audiences to debate issues of resource allocation that have no technical solution.

Btc Pipeline: Turkish Delight or Russian Roulette?

INTRODUCTION Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is an oil pipeline that transports crude oil Caspian Sea to the Turkish coast, over three countries. BTC Company is a joint venture company responsible for the construction and operation of the whole $4bn pipeline, led by BP as majority shareholder. Spread across Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey largest cross-border infrastructure construction project in the world dubbed the â€Å"contract of the century†. Financing was agreed after over two years of appraisal of the potential environmental and social impacts relating to the project.An underlying strategy is to reduce dependency on OPEC oil producers in the turbulent Middle East and to avoid Russia seen by America as a resurgent superpower. Aside from indirect benefits; Georgia and Turkey gain financial benefits through transit fees and Azerbaijan through the royalties and tax revenues, However, BTC co. encountered several social and environmental issues during the construction of the 1768km pipeline. Limited routing options meant encountering geo-hazard risks, potential harm and disturbance of communities and natural habitat, temporary land acquisition, revenue management and a volatile political environment.Thus this project received intense scrutiny by stakeholders and press for its lack in humility and effectiveness in resolving political, social, developmental and security concerns. THE OBJECTIVE/GOALS Stakeholder map. A visual mapping of parties that affect or about affected by an organization, strategy and in this case a project. Helps us identify the expectations and power of different stakeholders, this understand what ethical issues dilemmas are to be understood and resolved. METHOD / FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS We have chosen a normative approach (what should be done) for our analysis as opposed to a descriptive approach (how it is done).Generate solutions that enforce behaviorally standards; as we already have detailed evidence showing how it is done. Moral absolutism will be used by clearing stating what is right and wrong; which be rationally determined in order to come up with a universal applicable solution. This helps us come up with an objective stand-point on the subject. There will be examination of traditional ethical theories such as consequentialist and non-consequentialist approaches and stakeholder theories and new age concepts namely, corporate citizenship to help us justify our absolute perspective in solving the ethical dilemmas.THE MAIN ISSUES AND DILEMMAS BP FACE IN THIS CASE Political instability Pipeline Security Human Right Abuses Corruption Poor governance High expectations from local community Environmental Risks and Risk Assessment Intense scrutiny by pressure groups and media Land Acquisition and Land Compensation HOW WOULD YOU EVALUATE BP’S APPROACH TO SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY? BP set up a Regional Sustainability Development program (RSDP) t o proactively address issues. Social 1) Community Investment Program ($20m addressed to social issues)-in Azerbaijan set with largely international groups-in Turkey with local Turkish organizationswith universities and private consultants firmsBP set up a monitoring and complaints procedure | Economical 1) Regional Development Initiative ($25m designed to accompany over 10yrs after opening) 2) Set up of local coordinators and in consultation with local community. ) Focus was improvement of local infrastructure in road and civil construction 4) Projects aimed at agriculture and skill development| Environmental 1) Environmental Investment Program (to ecological issues)| CEO Lord Browne appointed a Caspian Development Advisory Panel, which provided recommendations such as assembly of an external body to conduct periodic reviews.ASSESS THE APPROACH FROM A PERSPECTIVE OF UTILIARIANISM AND DEONTOLOGY? According to utilitarianism,an action is morally right if it results in the greatest amo unt of good for the greatest number of people affected by the action Based on cost? benefit analysis Rule utilitarianism * looks at classes of action and ask whether the underlying principles of an action produce more pleasure than pain for society in the long runStakeholder| Cost| Benefit| BP and BTC & co| * $25m +$20m programs * Opportunity cost * Failure of local actors * Subjected to a corrupt environment * Misuse of revenue * Complaints from locals| * Good Reputation * Helping society * Compliance| Financiers| % of investments go to CSR| * Mitigation of social development risks that would result to additional costs| Communities| Unfair treatmentHuman right abusesIssue of compensationLocal political divisions- 1 blood feud| * Financial investment in society and development projects * Structure in place for communication * First commercial strawberry farm| Government| External involvement of governance| * Investment for national development * Availability of resources| Pressure G roups| Alleged TortureHuman rights abuses| * Raised awareness of internal politics| Employees and Contractors| Unfair treatment| * Job Opportunities * Economic support| Environment| Destruction and disturbance of the environment| * Structure of a program to address issues| Agencies and NGO’s| Lack of credibility Public scrutiny | * Displayed support from BP * Increased involvement | Work from a German philosopher Immanuel Kant who development a theoretical framework called â€Å"categorical imperative†. This meant that this framework applied to every moral issue regardless of who is involved. It is made out of three maxims; which are: 1) Consistency throughout any situation ) Treat humanity always as an end and never as a means. 3) Universally acceptable These two theories introduce the issue of subjectivity due to intellectual scrutiny. ASSESSMENT FROM RIGHTS AND JUSTICE. HOW DOES IT DIFFER? Rights and justice is â€Å"based on a consensus about nature of human digni ty†. It is objective in that it conceptualized on natural rights that â€Å"certain basic, important, unalienable entitlements that should be respected and protected in every single action. † In addition Ethics of justices means fair procedures and fair outcomes. A violation of these rights means the approach is seen as unethical. BP’s poor social and environmental assessment led to a display of lack of humility.SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR MNC OPERATING IN ENVIRONMENTS OF CORRUPTION AND POOR GOVERNANCE. How far should BP made be responsible? Arguments against The corporation should solely be accountable to its shareholders in order to protect investments. In support of this argument, Milton Friedman published an article titled, â€Å" The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. † Stating only humans have moral responsibilities, managers should act in interests of its shareholders and social issues and problems are for governments to h andle. Another perspective is that of Archie Carroll’s four-part model of CSR. Stating that CSR can be met by going through each level consecutively. Arguments forCSR seems to be widely accepted because of enlightened self-interests. However, corporations are now perceived assume a social actors, not only because of legislation but companies rely on the contribution of other parties. It now exists in a society. Thus, the introduction of corporate citizenship, in which the company acknowledges an extended political role. Obtaining citizenship means entitlement of civil, social and political rights; which are attached to responsibilities. Social rights (i. e. freedom to participate in society): BP provider / ignorer Civil rights (i. e. freedom from abuses): BP disabler/ enabler Political righs (i. e. right to participate in process of governance): BP chanelling / blockingTransparency International Corruption Perception Index| Year| Turkey| Azerbaijan| Georgia| 2002| 64| 95| 85| 2003| 77| 124| 124| 2006| 60| 130| 99| It can be argued that BP has fuelled the level of corruption as seen in the figures above. Therefore have to commit them to solving this social problem. What is the appropriate way for BP to respond to its on-going criticism? Virtue ethics Transparency Expose finding Protection Acts Auditing Body Discourse ethics Dialogue and Stakeholder Engagement Effective Complaint Procedure – eg. Response period Right to Information Systems in Place Land Ownership options Introduce this all over Azerbaijan not only Baku

The Code Of Ethics In Advocacy

The term advocacy has been used in various contexts such as in legal mechanisms as well as in social services. Yet, the notions on advocacy have a common ground – that is it pertains to an act made for the benefit of other person. By such definition, advocacy can really be used in different circumstances. For example, in courtroom sessions, the prosecution lawyers advocate the legal rights of their client. Obviously, advocacy is used to define how lawyers want to voice out the need of their client for the upholding of the latter’s right.Advocacy can also be seen in services offered by social workers. The social workers act in behalf of unfortunate individuals who wish to improve their social inadequacies. What Advocacy Is? As defined by Neil Bateman, advocacy refers to an act of pleading in support of another person. This implies that the central focus of the concept of advocacy is not the advocate but the subject of his advocacy – that is the achievement of the need of his client. Yet such pleading does not necessarily mean that the advocate would plea for mercy.Such is done by means of conversing logical arguments in order to establish the necessity of the advocacy (Bateman, 2000). In effect, the main thesis in the definition of advocacy is that it is done to uphold the welfare rights of those people who are socially marginalized. The function of the advocate then is to make it clear to the other party that there is a need for the betterment of these marginalized people. Furthermore, the concept of advocacy wants to clarify the distinguishing terms associated with the very concept of â€Å"client (Bateman, 2000).The most common expression use to denote the latter is customer. However, people who define advocacy thinks that it would become very discriminating on the part of the client to say that he is a customer which also means that he is a â€Å"service-user. † Yet that is the very thing that is happening. Nevertheless, these pe ople would like to change such connotation by saying that client are not mere service-user but a partner of the advocate himself. By that, it is ore appropriate to call them as â€Å"partners† and not service-users (Henderson & Pochin, 2001).The Need for the Code of Ethics in Advocacy As mentioned earlier, the main theme of advocacy lies on the idea that the advocate is doing his effort for the sake of another person. Hence it must be clear that the advocate is not acting for his own interests but for the betterment of the welfare of his client. This must be observed for the reason that advocacy would lose its essence if the object of advocacy is defeated by the idea that the advocate is only doing it for his own sake.Moreover, advocacy is intended to create a very profound relationship among the advocates and the clients themselves. In the first place, there is a need to establish an open communication on the part of the client and the advocate in order to fully address the former’s grievances or demands (Henderson & Pochin, 2001). And in doing so, the advocate is required to have a moral sense so as to become aware of the feelings and other concerns of his client.For example in a case of a rape-victim, the advocate should be careful enough not to make actions that are offending to his client. Though he is the latter’s advocate, it does not allow him to trespass his client’s personal concerns such as privacy. More often then not, the advocate and the client made an agreement in which the limitations of one another are set. Such agreement is made to make sure that the advocate would not go beyond limitations. In addition, John Weafer viewed advocacy as that which empowers those people who are not motivated or capable to speak for themselves.Empowerment means that the advocate is supporting the welfare of his client to the point that he is fighting for what is the most advantageous thing for his client. The advocate stands for the ne ed of the client. Hence it is needed that the advocate has the same view and principle regarding the case of his client in order to avoid future moral dilemmas that may impair the realization of a particular advocacy (Weafer, 2003). Also, Weafer argued that in advocacy, the advocate is making negotiations with the other side (other party) in behalf of a person who is socially marginalized.The promotion of the welfare rights of those people who are left out (also known as the marginalized sector of the society) is the underlying principle behind the concept of advocacy (Weafer, 2003). It is to be noted that there are people who do not have access to certain information that has concern with their welfare. The task of an advocate is to make this information accessible and open to their clients so as to get their full reactions and demands. Thus, the code ethics that the advocate must follow includes that above all things, the advocate must maintain the same position as what his client has.Secondly, the advocate must never use the need of the client as means for his own success or for his own interests but always treat such as the end (as how Kantian puts it). Next, the advocate must always seek the permission of his client for all the relevant things that concern his client before he uses it as one of his means to pursue the advocacy. Lastly, the advocate has a duty towards his client to inform him about the development and progress of the advocacy. Irish Report: Voluntary Hospice Movement in IrelandThe advocacy to increase the number of hospices in Ireland as well as to improve the facilities in established hospices has been the most current movement in Ireland. According to the report, the advocates of the hospice movement demand to increase the services rendered by the hospices as well as to advance the in-patient facilities (Hospice/Palliative Care in Ireland). Such is being raised by the advocates to ensure that ill-people would receive greater and better a mount of treatment.By such advocacy, the Irish government has started to give full attentions on the establishment of hospices all over the country as well as on the development of hospice services. Although the state has promised to allocate funds for the advocacy on hospices, the government is asking for a partnership with the volunteer bodies and organizations so as to maintain the monitoring and advancement of hospices. The advocacy has become an extensive campaign that necessitated the consideration of founding hospices in whole Ireland. ConclusionTo sum up, advocacy pertains to the act of supporting or doing something in behalf of others. The main core of the concept of advocacy revolves on the idea that it is done for the benefit of other not for own sake. Acting for the sake of other people requires the advocate to become morally aware of his actions and purposes in order to protect the interests and the original need of his client. The code of ethics mentioned in this paper will give moral standard on how an advocate shall act in the pursuit his objective – a particular advocacy.

The spread of pathogens Week 7 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The spread of pathogens Week 7 - Coursework Example Some diseases such as HIV/AIDS and genital herpes are sexually transmitted diseases and their pathogens spread when the body service of infected persons touches that of a healthy person. Avoiding contacting body fluids from infected people can abate the spread through body contact. In addition, safe sexual intercourse should be encouraged to stop the spread of HIV/AIDs. Eating undercooked or raw food, or drinking water contaminated by sewage means you take huge numbers of pathogens straight to your stomach. In most cases, contaminated water contains cholera pathogens while contaminated food contains Salmonella. Living in hygienic conditions is a significant step towards preventing contamination of food and water. Additionally, foods should be properly cooked. Vectors are animals or insects that spread disease- causing pathogens from an infected host to a healthy one. In this case, the vector is not infected with the disease. Pathogens such as plasmodium (malaria) and dysentery are transmitted by mosquito and housefly respectively. Spread of pathogens through vectors can be reduced by preventing multiplication of vectors or completely eliminating them. Mosquito can be prevented by sleeping under treated mosquito

Modern Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modern Architecture - Essay Example The essay "Modern Architecture" explores the modernism impact on architecture. A better understanding of what can be understood by the term modern architecture can be found by studying how the form function follows it. A vivid example was the World Trade Center in New York. In terms of its physical structure, Berman describes the towers as "isolated" in that the center was difficult to get to and difficult to use, "it gave off hostility" compared to Chrysler and the Empire State Buildings, which everyone saw as being in the middle of life and Part of the whole system. "Their idea of security included repelling people. The molded form of the towers and their isolation grew out of the aesthetic sound, best expressed by Le Corbusier, who said that for modern planning we need to "kill the streets". For him, the street was a mess and chaos. " In contrast, Battery Park City Complex was also designed by the Port Authority in much the same way as the World Trade Center, but was much more use r-friendly because it had parks, museums, restaurants and other amenities that invited people to come in. And Stay some time. Berman notes that the city is perceived as a melting pot with different cultures, people, ideas, practices and many other concepts. He also represents "an endless series of completely sterile and empty giant spaces around the world." We can conclude that Berman assumes that this equanimity, inherent in the structures of the World Trade Center, led to the fact that in 2001 the terrorists chose them as targets.

Quality in Healthcare 13 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quality in Healthcare 13 - Assignment Example In addition, telehealth and other technologies in the healthcare would help to enhance efficiency and productivity among health workers. For example, through telehealth and telemedicine, the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Centre has been able to address the healthcare needs of the rural population (Cunningham, 2013). Although it is a gaining popularity in the United States, telehealth faces significant challenges on matters such as privacy, security, lack of trained personnel and poor reimbursement. One of the key ingredients in enhancing the adoption of such technologies is the use of incentives. In a background paper by Adil Moiduddin and Daniel Gaylin (2007), the authors note that health centers that have adopted such technologies successfully have benefited from incentives such as technical assistance from the federal government, financing of innovation programs and providing loans to health centers among other incentives. It is also encouraging to note that a number of telehealth legislation have been passed in various states to help in the adoption of these technologies. In addition, a number of bills have been passed and proposed at the federal level, for example, Telehealth Enhancement Act of 2013 (Sprague, 2014). In conclusion, there is need for further funding from the federal governme nt and policy reforms to help speed up the adoption of telehealth across healthcare centers in the US. Cunningham, R (October 22, 2013). Health Workforce Needs: Projections Complicated by Practice and Technology Changes. National Health Policy Forum (Issue Brief No.851). The George Washington University, Washington DC Moiduddin, A & Gaylin, D (2007).Health Information TechnologyAdoption Among Health Centers: A Digital Divide in the Making? National Health Policy Forum. Background Paper. The George Washington University, Washington

It isnt worth the trouble evaluating training; Go ahead and assign me Assignment

It isnt worth the trouble evaluating training; Go ahead and assign me to a control group - Assignment Example They are not enthusiastic about their job. This lack of motivation is demonstrated through negative reaction after the training. The employees show pessimism. This indicates unsettled issues. Some employees attend the training but fail to learn for the simple reason that they did not understand the skills, principals and the facts the trainer wanted them to, (DeSimone & Werner 2008). The behavior of the employees reveals that they never had any intention to change in the first place, (McLean & 2010). All this culminates to poor results even after heavy investments in training programs. This happens when organizations ignore vital aspects about the employees’ welfare. Most of these aspects cannot be addressed in training sessions. In some organizations, the leadership receives an extremely high salary while the ordinary workers receive extremely small salaries, (McLean & 2010). This difference causes an immense deal of the inequality, which kills motivation among workers. My or ganization evaluates training through a results oriented model. Improved results reveal that training was well received and understood. This includes improved turnovers and timely achievements of the targets, (DeSimone & Werner 2008). The use of structured control and experimental groups is a model for evaluating the impact of training, (McLean & 2010). It is in order to train some workers and leave others without training. The group that receives training is referred to as the experimental group while the group that goes without training is called a control group, (DeSimone & Werner 2008). The composition of these groups is quite random and, therefore similar. Then the relevant indicators of success are taken from both groups before and after the training, (McLean & 2010). If the experimental group performs better them the training was successful. The assumption here is that if the training is considered successful, the organizations can in future a

Critically examine the relationship between war and underdevelopment Coursework

Critically examine the relationship between war and underdevelopment - Coursework Example War has been characterised as an activity involving methodical physical violence and slaughter carried out for political purposes -- to achieve or prolong political power. Within this wide-ranging intention, specific groups also chase economic objectives which can become justifications for prolonging conflict beyond that point when political objectives appear viable (Stewart and Fitzgerald, 2000: 4). Likewise, war must be perceived as an authentic, deliberate and pervasive armed conflict between political communities. Plain awareness for war to erupt or existence of a collective contempt between political communities does not make conclusive indicators of war. Conflict of arms must be real and not merely suppressed; likewise, it must be both deliberate and extensive -- unrepeated collisions between military scoundrels cannot be considered acts of war. Essentially, the inception of war necessitates a premeditated commitment from parties involved considerable recruitment of men. Finally, there is no actual war until the â€Å"fighters intend to go to war† and until they execute such with a heavy quantum of force (Walzer, 1996: 95-112). Is war always regressive? Since war always has a high economic cost attached to it, is there a prudent and impartial manner to instigate such activity or is it all desperate, barbaric massacres? Does war have a role in the development of a nation? More importantly, is there a direct relationship between armed conflict and a nation’s economic underdevelopment? In recent decades, the world has witnessed the surfacing and intensification of an extensive array of fierce conflicts. Regardless of the motivations, brutal clashes are, more often than not, socially and culturally catastrophic, economically shattering and politically disastrous. In many cases, conflict is triggered by lack of development, whether economic, political, social or a

Invisibility of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Invisibility of Nursing - Essay Example Focus of development and adoption of standard clinical terminology is to enhance quality in the field of nursing through terminologies that are established using tried and tested methods; reducing effort through avoidance of wheel reinvention; compatibility by integration of data gathered from different source systems, and great coherence and convergent mechanism between terminologies. The American Nurses Association (ANA) is responsible for standardizing nursing terminologies and coordinating various minimum data sets in the United States of America. Nursing Practice Information Infrastructure (CNPII), a committee for ANA, evaluates the data sets in addition to standardized terminologies that are submitted to them, to check whether they are in accordance to certain criteria (ANA, 2012). This criterion includes, terminology development is clinically useful and that the terms are not ambiguous in addition to being clear. The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organ ization (IHTSDO) is an international organization, which in non-profit and it is based in Denmark. The organization owns, acquires, and administers rights to SNOMED CT in addition to other related standards and health terminologies. IHTSDO purpose is to develop, promote, maintain and enable the correct uptake and use of its terminology products around the world. The organization improves health of human kind through nurturing development and use of standardized clinical terminologies. This enables accurate, safe and effective exchange of health related and clinical information. Several advantages of using standardized terminologies arise for direct care nurses. There is better communication among nurses and other health care providers. Using standardized nursing... This paper approves that various challenges arise in using standardized terminologies. Constraints arise on what is achievable and desirable. A lot of communication is health care will be informal. This includes written comments and conversations that are meant for short term purposes. The challenge here is to draw a line where to justify feasibility and desirability of formalization. Granularity is another issue. The level of details to be used in standardized language is a challenge. Relevance of details in the language is arguable on matters of functionality, for current or future use of the standardized terminologies. This essay makes a conclusion that development and adoption of standard clinical terminology, also adds value in healthy policy decision making. NMDS is essential when it comes to Medical Treatment Effectiveness Program. This is a program that is funded by the federal government and its sole purpose is to demonstrate the procedures that are most effective in production of quality client outcomes. This is enabled through a standardized nursing language through NMDS. The federal government is able to make decisions on healthy policy issues such as, effective nursing care, based on nursing data on NMDS. Another area on decision making on healthy issues is, the prospective payment for home healthcare. Through NMDS, data can be retrieved and used for prospective payment systems that can account for variances in the cost of care providence to clients in home stings.

Methodology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methodology - Term Paper Example The aim of this analysis is to assess Sartre’s theory of the emotions and how he, in his arguments, follows general scientific standards and the use of (appropriate) methods for the enquiry. As a core requirement in the presentation of an argument any scientific work has to begin by introducing the topic chosen in terms of a â€Å"research question† and a â€Å"hypothesis† (a â€Å"preliminary†, i.e. ahead of the actual research, answer to the question). One then has to proceed by clearly stating the aim of the research and how one wants to â€Å"explore the problem† by comparing one or the other â€Å"literary source and concept†. Importantly, one also has to define the topic by qualifying it and the literature in terms of a particular set of â€Å"methods† to be used and deemed appropriate, be they person-oriented and qualitative, or of a more quantitative nature, or a mix of the two groups. At this stage, follows the â€Å"results- section†, an analysis and discussion of the data collected. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are made, and one also notes in which sense one’s study has tested the research question (Ellen, 1984). ‘ The Research Process Research, the search for knowledge and problem-solving, is a process whereby one continually adds to knowledge (Ellen, 1984). By this understanding, research is an ongoing process. There are, however, certain procedures to be followed and standards to be adhered to, be they of an â€Å"inductive† (experimental: â€Å"arriving at a theory based on facts†) or â€Å"deductive† (â€Å"facts are organized to match theory†) nature. Based on this division, one arrives at a â€Å"positivistic† and â€Å"relativistic stance†, resulting in a contrast of â€Å"explanation† (deduction, positivism, quantification) and â€Å"understanding† (induction, relativism, qualification) (Alexander, 1983; Gel lner, 1985)1. Thesis and hypothesis In his Sketch For A Theory Of The Emotions Sartre proposes a social and interactionist perspective by stressing the concept of â€Å"the social basis of emotions and the self†. His approach is inductive and grounded in arguments and examples to prove his thesis. His work is, he contends (and the present author tends to agree), an important critique of the â€Å"classic† literature on the constitution of emotions, consciousness and mind represented by such philosophers-psychologists as William James and Pierre Janet. Their focus is on the â€Å"individual† and his/her â€Å"consciousness†/†mind† as an analytical point of departure, an entity that exist a priori to one’s argument (Sartre, 1985, pp. 32 ff.)2. Opposed to this – and very revealing in terms of his empirical theory of emotions that are grounded in various fields of interaction with the social world (e.g., Mead, 1950) - Sartre states: â€Å" It [consciousness] arises as a relation of our psychic being and the world; and this relation –or rather our awareness of it – is not a chaotic relationship between the self and the universe, it is an organized and describable structure† (Sartre, 1985, p. 34) In the latter words, â€Å"organized and describable†, lie his procedure of proving his hypothesis regarding the social